What is the focal length equivalent for an iPhone? Or my Android phone?

That can change from one phone model to the next. The safest bet to get info about your phone is to open one of its photos in a tool that can read exif data.

For example, the iPhone 5 has "Focal length" 4.1 mm and "Focal length (35mm)" 33.0mm. That means that it is roughly as wide as your favourite 33mm prime lens on your FX camera. Or as wide as your 22mm on your DX camera.

A Galaxy S4 has "Focal length" 4.2mm and "Focal length (35mm)" 31mm.

An iPhone 6S plus has a "Focal length" 4.2mm and "Focal length (35mm)" 29mm. The reason the 35mm equivalent is different from the Galaxy S4 is certainly that it the size of the sensor is different.

To read exif data you can use for example:

• Adobe Photoshop
• Adobe Bridge
• Aperture
• Preview (Mac OS X)
• exiftool
• ... and many others.

The only snag is that not all exif-readers display the equivalent value for 35mm, and not all cameras actually store the 35mm equivalent. If it does not work for you, don't be too disappointed. Just make sure you try with at least one of the tools listed above. If you still have no luck, just buy a new phone. There is probably a new model on the market anyhow.

How do I extract an embedded JPEG from a RAW file?

Short answer:

exiftool -b -JpgFromRaw IMG0001.NEF > test.jpg

Long answer:

Most RAW files contain not only the raw data that was captured when the picture was taken, but also a jpeg file which can be used to quickly show the image before the RAW has been completely interpreted.

Some programs that pretend to handle RAW files actually just extract the jpeg and displays that one to the user.

There is rarely any reason to extract the jpeg manually, but if you want to, you can use the command tool above using exiftool which is a tool available for Windows, Mac OS and Unix/Linux.

Just replace "IMG0001.NEF" with the name of your RAW file and "test.jpg" with the name of the jpeg you want to create.

Update: The name of the preview is not the same for all RAW files. That's why Jener in the comment section succeeds with PreviewImage but not with JpgFromRaw. In general, if you have problems with the command, try the exiftool documentation page.